Episode 9: Getting Medieval on the Battle of Tours
Eighteen years ago, at the beginning of the third millennium after the birth of Christ, Muslim jihadists flew planes into the Twin Towers in New York City. Was this a watershed in the clash of civilizations? You would think after eighteen years, we would know, but historians have been arguing for centuries about the meaning of the Frankish encounter with Muslim forces at the Battle of Tours-Poitiers. Spoiler alert: The Franks won! But how was the battle remembered? Do we have Charlemagne to thank for defeating the Saracens? You know very well the story is more complicated than you have heard!
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References
Texts
- The Mozarabic Chronicle of 754
- First Continuator of Fredegar
- Einhard (d. 840), Life of Charles, trans. Samuel Epes Turner (1880)
- Gregory of Tours (d. 594), History of the Franks, trans. Earnest Brehaut (1916)
- Vegetius, De re militari
- The Song of Roland
Events
- The Battle of Tours-Poitiers, October 10 (or 25?), A.D. 732
- The Battle of Vienna, September 11-12, A.D. 1683
- The Attack on the World Trade Center Towers and Pentagon, September 11, A.D. 2001
Merovingians
- Clovis I (d. 511), King of the Franks
- Childeric III (d. 754), King of the Franks, deposed A.D. 751
- Pippin II of Herstal (d. 714), Mayor of the Palace
- Charles Martel (d. 741), Mayor of the Palace
- Pippin III the Short (d. 768), Mayor of the Palace—and King of the Franks from A.D. 751
- Charlemagne (d. 814), King of the Franks and Lombards—and Emperor from A.D. 800
- Bernard Bachrach, Early Carolingian Warfare: Prelude to Empire (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011)
- Richard Landes, on calculating the end of the millennium
Images
- Charles de Steuben, Bataille de Poitiers en octobre 732, Palace of Versaille, 1837
- Genealogy of the Carolingians from the Chronicon Universale of Ekkehard of Aura (d. 1126)
Course Study Guide
This is an informative point of view. Most important is that the people involved were not clear on what the overall significance of this battle until long after. Before this lecture I followed Rodney Stark's "How the West Won" to understand this battle. Even Rodney admits a lack of clarity about the exact location of either battle. What I learned from Rodney is the significance of superior western technology and tactics to the Arab t&t. It is interesting that the Franks learned the shield wall from Roman tactics and had large shields that would make a wall. The Arabs had small shields and depended on foot charges and cavalry. Their horses had no stirrups so the riders had no leverage against the shield wall and were turned back. The purpose of Frankish cavalry was to hunt down the stragglers running away after the ranks were broken. They did not go past the Arab camp lest they be encircled, nor did the army pursue lest it over extend its lines.
ReplyDeleteMy main take away from Rachel and Rodney is that the Franks wanted the Arabs out of their territory. Myth and glory came later.