Episode 7: Getting Medieval on the Saxon Christ
You thought keeping track of all the relationships in Game of Thrones was complicated? Just wait till you hear about the relationships between Gregory the Great, the monastery at Jarrow, the oldest copy of the Vulgate translation of the Bible, the Anglo-Saxon missionaries to the continent, Charlemagne’s campaign against the Saxons, the secret runes of the evangelists, and how the bird came to sit on the shoulder of the Peace-Child of God at his baptism.
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Father of us, the sons of men,You are in the high heavenly kingdom,Blessed be Your name in every word.May Your mighty kingdom come.May Your will be done over all this world—just the same on earth as it is up therein the high heavenly kingdom.Give us support each day, good Chieftain,Your holy help, and pardon us, Protector of Heaven,our many crimes, just as we do to other human beings.Do not let evil little creatures lead us offto do their will, as we deserve,but help us against all evil deeds.
—The Heliand, trans. G. Ronald Murphy, SJ
References
Texts
- The Heliand: The Saxon Gospel, trans. G. Ronald Murphy, SJ (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992)
- Rachel Fulton Brown, From Judgment to Passion: Devotion to Christ and the Virgin Mary, 800-100 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002)
Manuscripts
- Codex Amiatinus, Florence, Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, MS Amiatino 1
- Eadwine Psalter, Cambridge, Trinity College, MS R.17.1
- Septuagint (Greek)
- Vetus Latina (Old Latin)
- Vulgate (Jerome’s translation)
- Old English
- Masoretic Text (Hebrew)
People
- Jerome (ca. 347-420)
- Cassiodorus (ca. 485-ca. 585)
- Benedict Biscop (ca. 628-690)
- Coelfrith (ca. 642-716)
- Theodore of Tarsus (602-690)
- Abbot Hadrian of Canterbury (d. 710)
- Charlemagne (742/-814)
- Alcuin of York (ca. 735-804)
Jerome’s Three Translations of the Psalms
- Romanum (based on the Vetus Latina)
- Gallicanum (based on the Greek of the Hexapla)
- Hebraicum (based on the pre-Masoretic Hebrew)
Recommended Reading
- G. Ronald Murphy, SJ, The Saxon Savior: The Transformation of the Gospel in the Ninth-Century Heliand (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989)
- Christopher de Hamel, Meetings with Remarkable Manuscripts: Twelve Journeys into the Medieval World (London: Penguin, 2016)
Images
- Cover image: The Baptism of Widukind the Saxon
- Majestas Domini with the Four Evangelists, Codex Amiatinus, fol. 796v
- Map from Wikimedia: Frankish Empire from 481 to 814
Course Study Guide
I could not disagree with your analysis of this missionary history any more than I do, though I remain indebted to you for another engrossing history lesson.
ReplyDeleteIn Episode 5 God's plan for missionary work is laid out. He prepared the people to receive it, inspired the mission, the missionary's were blocked by the spirit of fear and tried to quit but remained faithful after all preaching the simplicity of Christ and worshipping Him in song and humble service, God turned the heart of the King and the high priest against idol worship and the high priest himself destroyed the idol shrines, and in the end God gets a new song to glorify Him.
Compared that process to this missionary effort: a Christian king spends 30 years killing, pillaging, and trying to force the conversion of a conquered people againat their will, and the day is saved when a monk invents a public relations coup wherein he conflates Christ with paganism in order to erase a humiliation inflicted upon them by the Frankish king.
Man wins glory by perverting the simplicity of Christ.
God wins glory by turning the hearts of a heathen people againat their Gods and inspires a song of worship.
It didn't take long for the Benedictine monks to invent new, ineffective traditions for missionary work. A shame.